Cyber Drops

Long ago, we got USB 1.1, then now we got USB 2.0 and the next we will get the USB 3.0. What is USB 3.0? and how fast is USB 3.0 SuperSpeed actually? what's the difference between them? Now, we will know it. All about USB 3.0. But, first we need to know the history of the USB(Universal Serial Bus).

The History of the Universal Serial Bus (USB)

The specification of the USB standard was started by 7 companies back in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and Nortel. They wanted it to be easier to connect devices to PC’s and agreed that the industry need a common standard. There have been multple releases of the standard over the years, but I will focus my review on the 3 most common used:

- USB 1.1 Full-speed (1998)
- USB 2.0 Hi-Speed (2000)
- USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (2008)

You might think that USB 3.0 is kind of old since the standard was completed already back in 2008, but according to Wikipedia the first devices for USB 3.0 was presented in January 2010 and just like with USB 2.0 it took a while before supported devices was available for consumers.

How fast is USB 3.0 SuperSpeed?

According to the specification this is the maximum speed of the different versions of USB.

USB 1.1 Full-speed - (12 Mbit/s or 1.8 MB/s)
USB 2.0 Hi-speed – (480 Mbit/s, or 60 MB/s),
USB 3.0 Superspeed – (5 Gbit/s or 625 MB/s)

is USB 3.0 it really that fast in practice?

Actually no. You are not going to copy files to an USB stick with 625 MB/s. The first reason is that the disk you would be copying from is most likely not able to read the data that quick and your USB stick is properly not able to write the data with that speed either. If you think about it you have properly never seen a USB 2.0 device being even close to a transfer of 60 MB/s.

USB 3.0 is not as fast as the specification. It might let you think, but it is for sure a lot faster than USB 2.0 and you have something to keep in mind when buying new devices or a new motherboard. Just look after your friend that have bought it and try it yourself. This is the general transfer rate of USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 :

USB 2.0 HiSpeed – 28 MB/sec.
USB 3.0 SuperSpeed – 76 MB/sec

That's it about the USB 3.0 super speed. Next, you may be interest with our previous article about how to make USB Power Injector Modem. Just feel free to ask us if you have some question, just contact or comment below :)

longtime kartolocyber wasnot update the article, some of us so busy in our study. okey, i'll write about virtual machine in Windows. Sometimes, there is a particular program that we want to run but is plagued with compatibility Operating System (OS). For example there are applications that we know first run on WinXP but now after a try again in Win7 not be opened (crash). Or even it could also have a special application we need to work, but teryata application can only run on Windows while Linux-based computer.

Of course, we can use the system to plant two Dual Booting OS in one computer. But sometimes this method is less practical because more needs to be prepared such as set partitioning, manage files, etc.. In addition, if one day we already do not need a second OS, then the uninstall process was not easy. All too often ended up reformatting, and that means set the partitions and file again.
Actually, there is one practical solution to this, that is by using VirtualBox. With VirtualBox, you can as if making a new computer ( virtual machine ) and install it with the OS you want (Guest OS). More great again, you can run both at the same time, moving from guest to host and vice versa with ease. If it does not need anymore, you just delete it (remove) the virtual machine without a complex process.

Well, in this article I will explain about how to create a virtual machine using VirtualBox. Because many things to be explained, for convenience, so I split them up into several sections, namely: Download & installl Virtual Box, Virtual Machine http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gifSetup & Guest OS, and the last is the setting. In this example, I will install WinXP in a virtual machine that will be created. As for his own VirtualBox I run across operating systems Win7. So, the Guest OS and Host OS = WinXP = Win7. Here are the steps:
DOWNLOAD & INSTALL VirtualBox

First download the installer once its in here . Select according to the type of OS you use.



1. After that run its installer file. Click Next> when VirtualBox Setup Wizard appears.

2. Then you can choose the installation location. Click Next> to continue.

3.Choose anywhere you want a shortcut is created, then click Next>

4. Usually will appear warning that the connection to the network is disconnected while on during the installation process. Just click Next>.

5. Click Install to begin the installation process.

6. If UAC appears, click Yes.

7. Up here you've managed to install VirtualBox. Click Finish to run the VirtualBox program

VIRTUAL MACHINE SETUP

Next you need to do is make her a virtual machine. Click New on VirtualBox Manager to get started. You will be greeted by the New Virtual Machine Wizard. Click Next to continue. Here you will choose what type of OS you want to install as guest OS. In this example we will install WinXP. Click Next when done select the type of OS. You can determine how much memory (RAM) for the virtual machine later. Move the slider to the desired number, then click Next.For the first time, make sure you men-centang/contreng Boot Hard Disk and also select Create new hard disk, If so, click Next. Next you will go to the Create New Virtual Disk Wizard. Click Next to continue. You can choose whether the size of virtual hard disk later this magnitude can change or always remain. For savings should you choose a dynamically expanding storage. Click Next if you have selected. Here you can choose the location where the virtual hard disk will be created, it also determines the maximum size hard disk (hard disk maximum size). VirtualBox by default suggested size is 10 G. But you also can set smaller as long as you believe that size is sufficient for your needs later. Click Next. This is a Summary of the Create New Virtual Disk Wizard. Click Finish. It appears that you already have a virtual machine called WinXP, although it is still empty. Now the next task is to fill this virtual machine with the Guest OS. Double-click on the entry to start WinXP.
You will be greeted by First Run Wizard. Just click Next.Here you will select the media you will use as a source installation. In this example I use WinXP CD (bootable of course), which I enter into Drive E (DVD ROM). If so, click Next. This is a Summary of the First Run Wizard. It's good here you have prepared her to drive installer that you selected earlier. Click Finish to begin the installation process. Display WinXP installation will start out. Press Enter to continue. Select Format the partition using the NTFS file system, then press Enter. Please wait until the WinXP installation process is complete.
Congratulations, you now have a WinXP Guest OS on your virtual machine! Before you start "playing around" with this new virtual machine it's good to do some changes to the settings used to make you more comfortable in using it later. Some settings require the virtual machine in a non-active, some can only be done in the Guest OS Safe Mode. Thus, to present first shutdown the Guest OS you.

SETTING UP PROCCESS

This time will discuss about some important settings of your order the more comfortable in using your virtual machine. Make sure your virtual machine is turned off (powered off), then double-click to turn on and be prepared to press F8 as we will go into Safe Mode.

Choose Safe Mode, then Enter twice.
After entering Safe Mode, click Yes to close the window notification.
In the VirtualBox menu, select Devices -> Install Guest Additions.
It would appear the Windows Explorer . Double-click VBoxWindowsAdditions.
You will be greeted by the VirtualBox Guest Additions Setup Wizard. Click Next> to continue.
Select the installation location and click Next>.
If you plan to run an application in the Guest OS that require Direct3D (games for example), then make sure the Direct3D Support selected. If you already click Install.
Guest Additions installation process was completed. Click OK.
Click Finish to restart and get into WinXP as normal.
Next we'll create a Shared Folders. Usefulness is as a place to exchange (transfer) files between Guest and Host. The trick is to select Devices -> Shared Folders.
Click the Add button on the right side of the window.
In the Folder Path, select Other.
Specify the folder where you want shared.
Then select Auto-mount that folder directly at-shared automatically at startup.
Rekapnya be seen here. You also can create more than one Shared Folders if you wish. Click OK to finish.
Shared Folders will only begin to be used if you have to restart. But for now the Guest OS shutdown before you because we will make changes in the last settings via VirtualBox Manager.
Click Settings on the menu VirtualBox Manager.
Select the System tab on the left. Well here you can make settings memory (RAM) and also the Boot Order. In order for fast booting, select Hard Disk as the Boot Order first priority.
Select the Display tab and you can change the amount of Video Memory (VGA Card) and also activate the Enable 3D Acceleration feature. Click OK if it is.
Next run the virtual machine again. After entering Windows, try running Explorer. It appears that the Shared Folders now can be accessed.
Applications that can not be opened in Win7 are now able to run.

an explanation of the technical steps to create a virtual machine and its installation with the Guest OS using VirtualBox. In this way, we seemed to have a "new computer" is ready to run. In the world of IT, many benefits to be gained by using this VirtualBox. A Java programmer who want to create a multi-platform applications, can use VirtualBox to test programs in various OS (Windows, Mac, Linux, FreeBSD, etc.).

Or someone who is studying to be a hacker, usually also will create a virtual machine to test the efficacy of scripts or artificial virus, without having to worry about major OS that is being used also infected. You can also experiment with VirtualBox it suits your needs.

Windows 7 not only attracted much attention from the press as a high-tech, but also there are many new interface changes, such as the redesigned taskbar, new file management features, libraries and others. Several tools have been enhanced which is then included with the OS. Here we discuss 10 of the best tools windows 7 which makes the job easier computing.

1. Action Center
Centralized management is hot in Windows 7 and gives you one-stop shopping site where you can take care of security, troubleshooting, and recovery, rather than searching for an applet for each part. Everything is combined in an easy to use Control Panel, where you get a maintenance and safety messages and can view performance information, change the UAC settings, and more.

This is a development from the Security Center in Windows Vista. It makes sense to combine the security settings, system maintenance, and recovery. Action Center has emerged as an icon in the system tray, which displays a red X symbol if there is a problem that needs you are looking for.

2. Problem Steps Recorder
One of the coolest new tool in Windows 7 is the Problem Steps Recorder (PSR), mainly to provide technical support to users of Windows. No matter how hard they try, but users often have problems to accurately describe their problem and steps they take before or after the experience. Sure, Remote Assistance can be a blessing in this situation. But we can not always connect to a user's computer in real time. That's when PSR come in handy.

Problem Steps Recorder is a type of software that records all actions keystrokes, mouse clicks, including screenshots etc. and save the sequence of events in an MHTML document pages. You can start by entering psr.exe PSR in the Start Search box via the command prompt option.

3. ISO burner
ISO image file is a file type that is often used to distribute software. In Windows 7, Microsoft included this as an answer to many users wish list for a long time. Now you do not need to download and install a third-party program to burn ISO files to disk. Suppose you want to create a bootable CD use this tool. This is a simple process: Once you've downloaded. ISO to your hard drive, simply double click and Windows 7 will open the Burn Disc Image dialog box to burn the disc.

4. Biometric device management
In previous Windows versions, biometric authentication and management of biometric devices (fingerprint sensor) required third party software that may or may not be well integrated with the OS. Now in Windows 7 already built in. Windows Biometric Framework, which gives developers the API that you can use to build biometrics into applications. Fingerprint sensor hardware makers, such as UPEK and AuthenTec, in cooperation with Microsoft on developing its framework. Biometric can be accessed through the Control Panel.

5. Credential Manager
Credential Manager is a new feature in Windows 7. This tool is similar in some ways premises password management features in Vista User Account but this is more sophisticated. You can manage the Windows credentials for the various computers that you are signed onto, certificate-based credentials, and others (for e-mail accounts, web accounts, etc.). This is all saved by default in Windows Vault.

Perhaps the best feature new in Credential Manager is the ability to backup anhttp://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gifd restore Vault. Microsoft recommends that you keep backing up on removable drives, such as flash drives, to back up if you experience a hardware failure. For more information, see Windows 7: Windows 7: Exploring Credential Vault Manager and Windows directly from the website.

6. Projection display and the Windows Mobility Center
If you give many presentations, you will be greeted by a new tool in Windows 7 that makes it easy for you to display projectors in the desktop Windows 7. Just press the Windows logo key + P and you will see a pop-up box where you can make the choice of presentation. The first is the default settings and displayed on computer screens only. The second clone display settings on the computer screen to the projector. A third setting to extend the desktop on both computer screen and projector, and the fourth displays only the settings through the projector and turn off the computer screen.

7. Text tuning and color calibration
Your computer might not work, but your screen is what you see throughout the day. If it does not look good, you do not get the most from your computing experience, and can even cause you eye strain. In Windows 7 there are two tools to customize the look to suit your preferences. You can access the ClearType Text Tuner from Control Panel or from the command (cttune.exe). If you have multiple monitors, you can adjust according to each monitor.

This tuning tool works much like the eye chart at the optometrist's office, and please you choose one that looks best for you. In addition to text tuner, Windows 7 provides color calibration tool. It can be accessed from the Control Panel or from the command line (dccw.exe). It helps you to adjust gamma, brightness, contrast, and color rendition on your monitor to display the best.

8. Disc Repair System
Actually, the Vista Service Pack 1 Beta already lets you easily create disc repair system with friendly graphical interface, but has been removed and re-released in the final in SP1. Windows 7 to improve this function. Just click [Start] and type [System Repair] in the Search box. Click [Create A System Repair Disc] to open the dialog box. To use the disc, please mesukkan in the drive and reboot the computer from the disk. (You may need to set the CD / DVD drive as primary boot device in BIOS) Then you will get a list of system recovery options, which include:

- Startup Repair
- System restore
- System image recovery
- Windows Memory Diagnostic
- Command prompt

9. Better backup utility
In previous Windows versions already include a backup utility, but this tool has been perfect significantly in Windows 7. Vista backup program is user friendly but not very flexible. Windows 7 provides more detailed control over what you want to backup. You can run the Backup And Restore from Control Panel or by typing a backup in the Search box on the Start menu. You can back up files to local hard disk, removable disk, DVD, or another computer on the network (origin diisinkan on the network). Then you can also choose to create a backup folder or individual libraries. You can also exclude certain folders when backing up.

10. PowerShell v2
Windows PowerShell (Figure P) is a shell command-line interface and scripting tools that make it easier for Windows administrators to automate tasks using cmdlets, which are commands that perform a single command, and scripts, which consists of several cmdlets for complex tasks , multi-step tasks. Earlier versions of Windows includes a command-line interpreter (command.com or cmd.exe), but PowerShell is much more powerful, also provided the UNIX environment, this command can automate nearly every function of the GUI.

PowerShell can be downloaded and run on Windows XP or Vista, but in Windows 7 is included in a built-in. PowerShell v2 adds about 240 new cmdlets, as well as APIs and new features, such as the ability to call the PowerShell scripts and cmdlets on remote computer. You can find out more about PowerShell on Microsoft's website.

Technology HDMI 1.4 cables now could make you transfer Internet data in the same cable when currently transfers only video and audio data. with this solves problems for people who have an awful time connecting devices to the web and each other in the living room. I use powerline Internet adapters, which connect my DSL broadband line to my living room via power sockets. Wireless doesn’t work so well in my home. So right now, you have to switch cables from one game console to another whenever you use them. It’s a hassle.

HDMI connects devices such as Blu-ray player to a TV set with no loss in the high-definition video quality. All new TVs have the HDMI connectors, as do many other video appliances. HDMI is keeping up with the times. About 24 percent of all consumer electronics devices will require Ethernet in 2009. With more devices connected to the Internet, this new connector means that you will be able to access your content via the Internet on more of your future home devices. The Ethernet connection enables a variety of new applications, such as the ability to play a video on a Blu-ray player on any web-connected TV in your home.

Audio Return Channel so you can connect your stereo to your TV and have it play music on your TV set, even as you get rid of a cable. And HDMI 1.4 has Automatic Content Enhancement, which optimizes the settings on your TV to fit whatever movie or video you’re playing. It also has 3-D support and support for higher resolution video of 4,000 x 2,000 pixels. And another new feature is a complete color palette that allows you to connect almost any HD digital still camera and show the pictures with the highest viewing quality on your TV. Sometimes TVs don’t have the breadth of color to display still pictures well.

one more another feature is the Micro HDMI connector. This connector is about the size of a mini universal serial bus (USB) connector. It can likely be built into cell phones in the future to let you play back high-definition video recorded with a cell phone camera on a TV. I recently saw a demonstration of that at Broadcom’s offices in Sunnyvale, Calif. It looked pretty cool.

Microsoft Surface is more than a computer. It’s a leap ahead in digital interaction. By enabling you to use your hands instead of a keyboard and mouse, it revolutionizes the way you interact with digital content, while keeping the ability to connect with other devices such as networks, printers, mobile devices, card readers, and more. Our Microsoft Surface Partners have created hundreds of applications for the platform.

Microsoft Surface is currently based on the Windows Vista platform, which makes it especially easy for companies to manage, deploy and support Microsoft Surface units. The current version for the software platform is Microsoft Surface 1.0 Service Pack 1, which enhances Surface with an enhanced user interface, improved manageability to help reduce the cost of ownership, broader international support, and faster, easier ways to design innovative applications. Read more about Service Pack 1 on the Microsoft Surface Blog.

The sophisticated camera system of Surface sees what is touching it and recognizes fingers, hands, paintbrushes, tagged objects and a myriad of other real-world items. It allows you to grab digital information and interact with the content through touch and gesture. And unlike other touch-screens, Surface recognizes many points of contact simultaneously, 52 to be exact. This allows multiple people to use Surface at the same time, creating a more engaging and collaborative computing experience than what is available via traditional personal computers, mobile devices, or public kiosks.

Tagged object recognition is a particularly innovative feature of Microsoft Surface. The tag is what lets Surface uniquely identify objects, helping the system tell the difference between two identical looking bottles of juice, for example. Applications can also use a tag to start a command or action, so simply placing a tagged object on the screen can open up a whole new experience. A tagged object might also identify a cardholder, so they can charge purchases or participate in a loyalty program. A tag can even tell Surface to display unique information about a tagged object, such as showing more information about a bottle of wine, the wine grower, the type of grape and vintage.

a Microsoft Surface unit is a PC that is running the Windows Vista Business operating system, so in some ways, a Surface unit is like a desktop computer or a server. The units include all of the standard manageability features that are available in Windows Vista to enable easy deployment and administration, including Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), Remote Desktop Connection, Windows Scripting Host, Event Viewer, Performance Monitor, Event Forwarding, Task Scheduler, and so on. You can also use enterprise management tools like the Microsoft System Center family of products to deploy software, maintain patches, manage configuration, and monitor health.

You can also deploy Microsoft Surface units to remote locations away from the immediate reach of an IT administrator and then use remote management tools and scripting to accomplish administration tasks, such as taking a unit offline, installing applications, monitoring the unit, managing updates, and recovering the system.
Microsoft Surface represents a fundamental change in the way we interact with digital content. Leave the mouse and keyboard behind. Surface lets you grab digital content with your hands and move information with simple gestures and touches. Surface also sees and interacts with objects placed on the screen, allowing you to move information between devices like mobile phones or cameras. The result is a fun, social and exciting computing experience like you’ve never had before.

Microsoft Surface has four key capabilities that make it such a unique experience:

* Direct interaction. Users can grab digital information with their hands and interact with content on-screen by touch and gesture – without using a mouse or keyboard.
* Multi-user experience. The large, horizontal, 30 inch display makes it easy for several people to gather and interact together with Microsoft Surface - providing a collaborative, face-to-face computing experience.
* Multi-touch. Microsoft Surface responds to many points of contact simultaneously - not just from one finger, as with a typical touch screen, but from dozens of contact points at once.
* Object recognition. Users can place physical objects on the screen to trigger different types of digital responses – providing for a multitude of applications and the transfer of digital content to mobile devices.

Microsoft Surface uses cameras and image recognition in the infrared spectrum to recognize different types of objects such as fingers, tagged items and shapes. This input is then processed by the computer and the resulting interaction is displayed using rear projection. The user can manipulate content and interact with the computer using natural touch and hand gestures, instead of a typical mouse and keyboard.

In this tutorial we are going to learn how to install any given Android application in Android emulator. i will help you to setup the android 1.1 and 1.5 emulator.

You must have java installed on your machine before installing the Android emulator.

Install Java from here: Go to java.com and install to java.

If you already installed java or recently then you must know that the version of Java installed on your machine is correct or not.

Test installed java from here: Go java.com to check whether you have correct version of java installed or not. If you fine that correct version is not installed then follow the instruction provided in page and install the correct version of java.

After completion of java installation successfully follow below steps to install the Android emulator.


download the android emulator

Android emulator comes with Android sdk.You can download latest sdk from:android.com

How to install android emulator

Downloaded android sdk will be in compressed format.Uncompressed it to the desired location [e.g. C:\Emulator]and you are done.

Android sdk commands for emulator

Launch the command prompt: Start>Run>Cmd.Locate the emulator.exe path where the android got installed, in this case go to C:\Emulator directory and navigate to tools directory e.g:C:\Emulator\Android\android-sdk-windows-1.5_r2\tools where emulator.exe is present.Navigate to tools directory path in command prompt like shown below.

Type: Emulator.exe -help and execute it. You will find the list of the useful commands related to emulator usage.

* Type: Android -h and execute it. You will find the list of the useful commands related to Android usage.

android virtual device

Android virtual device is the emulator that we are going to create based on the specific platform of android
.E.g. Android1.1, Abdroid1.5, Android2.0 etc.

* Type: Emulator.exe -help-virtual-device and execute it for more information about android virtual device.

setup the Android virtual device

This is the command format to create the android virtual device: android create avd -n [UserDefinedNameHere] -t [1 or 2 or 3 etc. based on which android platform you want to create]

* If you want to create android virtual device based on Android1.1 platform then type:android create avd -n MyAndroid1 -t 1
* If you want to create android virtual device based on Android1.5 platform then type:android create avd -n MyAndroid2 -t 2
* After executing one of the above command you will be prompted for the message like below to create custom hardware profile. Type no if you don't want to create custom hardware profile.

* Now after successful setup of android virtual device you will be prompted message like this depending on what platform android virtual device is created:"Created AVD 'MyAndroid1' based on Android1.1 or Created AVD 'MyAndroid2' based on Android1.5"

list of created android virtual devices

Type: Android list avd : This command will display the list of the created android virtual devices as shown in below screen shot.

launch created android virtual device or emulator

A: Type:emulator.exe -avd [name of the emulator created] : In our case type:emulator.exe -avd MyAndroid1 or emulator.exe -avd MyAndroid2

Now you can see the emulator launched as below. Wait some time to get it initialized , ignore any error message if it appears if it is not blocking,It will also get the Internet connection automatically so you do not need to do anything to surf Internet in emulator. Now you are ready to start you application on emulator !

VDSL/VHDSL (Very High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line) is an improved version of the technology, ADSL or Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, which we use to connect to the internet. They are different in how they are implemented so you probably cannot use the equipment of one for the other. The most significant difference between the two technologies that is most relevant to the use is speed. ADSL can reach maximum speeds of 8mbps download and 1mbps for upload. In comparison, VDSL can have up to 52mbps for download and 16mbps for upload.

Because of the extremely high speeds that VDSL can accommodate, it is being looked at as a good prospective technology for accommodating high bandwidth applications like VoIP telephony and even HDTV transmission, which ADSL is not capable of. Another very useful feature of VDSL stems from the fact that it uses 7 different frequency bands for the transmission of data. The user then has the power to customize whether each frequency band would be used for download or upload. This kind of flexibility is very nice in case you need to host certain files that are to be downloaded by a lot of people.

The most major drawback for VDSL is the distance it needs to be from the telephone exchange. Within 300m, you may still get close to maximum speed but beyond that, the line quality and the speed deteriorates rather quickly. Because of this, ADSL is still preferable unless you live extremely close to the telephone exchange of the company that you are subscribed to. Most VDSL subscribers are companies who need a very fast server and would often place their own servers in very close proximity.

Due to the limitations of VDSL and its high price, its expansion is not as prolific as that of ADSL. VDSL is only widespread in countries like South Korea and Japan. While other countries also have VDSL offerings, it is only handled from a few companies; mostly one or two in most countries. In comparison, ADSL is very widely used and all countries that offer high speed internet offer ADSL.
DSL technology known as very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) is seen by many as the next step in providing a complete home-communications/entertainment package. There are already some companies, such as U.S. West (part of Qwest now), that offer VDSL service in selected areas. VDSL provides an incredible amount of bandwidth, with speeds up to about 52 megabits per second (Mbps). Compare that with a maximum speed of 8 to 10 Mbps for ADSL or cable modem and it's clear that the move from current broadband technology to VDSL could be as significant as the migration from a 56K modem to broadband. As VDSL becomes more common, you can expect that integrated packages will be cheaper than the total amount for current separate services.

In this article, you'll learn about VDSL technology, why it's important and how it compares to other DSL technologies. But first, let's take a look at the basics of DSL.

A standard telephone installation in the United States consists of a pair of copper wires that the phone company installs in your home. A pair of copper wires has plenty of bandwidth for carrying data in addition to voice conversations. Voice signals use only a fraction of the available capacity on the wires. DSL exploits this remaining capacity to carry information on the wire without disturbing the line's ability to carry conversations.

Standard phone service limits the frequencies that the switches, telephones and other equipment can carry. Human voices, speaking in normal conversational tones, can be carried in a frequency range of 400 to 3,400 Hertz (cycles per second). In most cases, the wires themselves have the potential to handle frequencies of up to several-million Hertz. Modern equipment that sends digital (rather than analog) data can safely use much more of the telephone line's capacity, and DSL does just that.
VDSL could change the face of E-commerce by allowing all types of media to run smoothly and beautifully through your computer.

If someone need to connect your branch offices, remote workers and telecommuters to your corporate network. They need secure access, 24 hours a day. You know you're going to use some sort of VPN - the question is, which one? IPSec was the big thing until recently, but SSL VPNs have been gaining in popularity in the past while. And are there any other options?

Unfortunately, the answer to which is best is 'it depends', and it's likely that you'll need more than one type to handle all your requirements. So let's do a quick round-up of the pros and cons of your main choices.

SSL
We've written about the benefits of SSL VPN before, but in a nutshell, it creates a secure session from your PC browser to the application server you're accessing. Actually, in most cases, to a proxy server, rather than to the end application.

Using SSL VPNs to enable mobility | Linksys Wireless N Draft 2.0 Wi-Fi Gigabit Security Router with VPN WRVS4400N | Taking the Cisco route to a VPN

Remember that if you're SSL-encrypting traffic end to end, it can't be seen by your firewall, Intrusion Prevention Systems, load balancing devices or any other network management systems. SSL on your servers also adds a fair bit of overhead, so it's probably best to offload this to a proxy anyway, and then route the traffic through your secure corporate LAN.

The upside is that as far as your users are concerned, it's just web access. There's no client software to load, and it can be used anywhere. On the minus side, if you need access to applications that aren't webified, you'll need something to act as an intermediary - that may include your email.

Also, it's all web traffic, so you can forget about Quality of Service or voice, and things like FTP and telnet aren't natively supported, though you should be able to use an applet to forward traffic to the right TCP port number and get access that way. Multicast won't work, and it's not a site-to-site option.

IPSec
Tried and (almost) trusted, IPSec sets up a tunnel from the remote site - either a single user with client software on their PC or a network device terminating the tunnel for a whole office of users - into your central site. Once connected, you access your applications as normal, and it's immaterial whether they're web apps or not.

As the name suggests, it's designed for IP traffic, though that's not so much of an issue nowadays, but if you do have non-IP data, you'd need to configure up GRE tunnels separately and run IPSec over them, as you would to support multicast traffic.

Hybrids
A few companies have managed to combine features of SSL and IPSec, for example Net6 which is now owned by Citrix. Others are working to do the same.

MPLS
Let's not forget MPLS VPNs. They're no good for remote access for individual users, but for site-to-site connectivity, they're the most flexible and scalable option. All the work is at the network level - users just see standard network connectivity - and they support QoS and multicast, so you don't have to worry about which apps people need access to. Of course, an MPLS network isn't as easy to set up or add to as the others, and it's bound to be more expensive.

Remote Users
So for individual users, who may well be travelling, or need access from hotels and Internet cafes, forget MPLS. IPSec is good if you have control over your users' PCs and can manage VPN client downloads and updates. It's also probably the only option for IT support staff, or anyone who needs to be able to access a wide range of applications and services. It scales quite well, and VPN concentrators at the central sites make it reasonably manageable.

SSL comes into its own where you have people accessing your network from non-corporate PCs: partners, suppliers, public Internet-connected PCs, that sort of thing, since there's no client software needed. Where your users just need access to web applications, it's easy, quick and cheap. If you can get an Internet connection, you can get to your data. But it may not handle all the applications your enterprise needs.

Remote Offices
As soon as you have multiple users in one place, though, SSL may not be a good option. More efficient is to have one secure link from your remote site into the central office. If your traffic flows are such that all remote sites access your central site, in a hub-and-spoke arrangement, then IPSec is a good enough option. Your users don't have to bother with any client software, since it's all done in the network.

However, if every branch needs to communicate with every other, building a meshed arrangement is a real pain - especially if you need to set up GRE tunnels for non-IP or multicast traffic. Bear in mind that if you're deploying this and connecting over the Internet, you'll have no QoS guarantees, and your SLAs may not be suitable for business needs.

For large offices, or ones with complex requirements for connectivity or QoS, an MPLS VPN is likely to be your best bet. Even then, you'll need to make sure that your provider can support the levels of QoS you need, knows how to cater for multicast traffic, and can make changes in a sensible timeframe.

It's likely you're going to end up with a mix of VPN types to match your mix of network users. Don't try and force everyone to use the same access method, or you'll end up making life difficult for them and stressful for you. Define several categories of users, match each to the technology that suits it best, and you should find it becomes relatively straightforward to suit most needs.

Wireless LANs whole point is is the convenience of the mobility you get being able to wander from one part of the office to the other. Users expect the same completely transparent service they get as their mobile phones move from one cell to another, but in the world of 802.11 it’s not actually that easy. There’s a lot of publicity about roaming in Wi-Fi just now, for instance a new IEEE group on testing Wi-Fi has found that it is impossible to compare roaming times without a definition of roaming. While many wireless switch vendors make a point of roaming at Layer 3 (a technology we’ll cover the technicalities of in a later article), several other vendors (such as Bluesocket and Vernier, reviewed here under its HP badge) solve the problem by keeping all access points on a single subnet, so the roaming only happens at Layer 2 and the roaming device keeps the same IP address. What most people miss is that even roaming within a subnet, at Layer 2, has its challenges. What’s involved?

When a WLAN client moves from the range of one Access Point (AP) to another in the same subnet, it needs to find the best AP, decide when to roam onto it, associate with it and do any authentication required, as per your security policies. Then the wired network has to relearn the location of the client, so that data can be sent to it. All of this takes time and this is without the client having to worry about getting a new IP address! The scanning and decision making part of the roaming process (see How to Make your WLAN roam faster) allows the client to find a new AP on an appropriate channel as the user moves. When this happens, the client must associate with the new AP. It must then, assuming that it is an 802.1x supplicant (see The EAP Heap), reauthenticate with the RADIUS server. This is transparent to the user - but the delay in this happening may not be. It can take up to a second for association and authentication to occur (see below for implications and solutions). IAPP
The next part of the process is for the rest of the network to be made aware that the client has shifted. This calls for AP to AP communication, which was never catered for in the original 802.11 spec. Vendors had their own way of passing updates; however 802.11f, the Inter-Access Point Protocol, has now been now published by the IEEE as a trial-use standard - it sits in this state for two years before being submitted as a full-use standard - to facilitate multi-vendor AP interoperability. IAPP calls for the new servicing AP to send out two packets onto the wired LAN. One of these is actually set with the source address of the client (the standard says this should be a broadcast, however some implementations still use unicast to the previous AP or a multicast) and is used by intervening switches to update their MAC address tables with the client’s new location. The other is an IAPP ADD-notify packet from the new AP to an IAPP multicast address that all APs subscribe to, which contains the MAC address of the station it has just associated. All APs will receive this packet, and the one that had been associated with that station will use the sequence number included to determine that this is newer information and remove the stale association from its internal table. IAPP provides for the sharing of information between APs. The format of this information is specified, as "contexts" but the actual content is not defined, so it’s not yet hugely useful as far as vendor interoperability is concerned. Also IAPP has no specific provision for security. Who Cares?
So, worst case, you’re probably looking at about one second where your client can’t be reached over the network. For a lot of clients and applications, this isn’t an issue. If you’re walking from one room to another carrying your laptop, and you want to use email or a web browser, it’s not a problem. In fact, most TCP-based applications will be able to handle this sort of hiccup (remember that in this instance there’s no address change). UDP applications are less able to handle interruptions, and unfortunately, these are the ones where a break would be most noticed by the user. The killer? Voice. Not only is VoWLAN UDP-based for the bearer traffic, but it’s also the one application where you are likely to be using it as you move between APs. And you are definitely going to notice a one second hit. Which is presumably why the vendors that are pushing fast roaming for 802.11 are the ones squarely behind the use of wireless handsets in an IP Telephony environment, such as Cisco, SpectraLink and Symbol. Related standards
In fact these are three of the companies behind the drive for a new IEEE Working Group to create a standard to handle faster Layer 2 roaming. There are several related standards and works-in-progress, but none that actually cover this specific aspect:

* As already discussed, IAPP—802.11f—isn’t designed for speed.
* 802.11i, the security standard (not yet ratified) has provision for secure fast handoff, but it’s too security specific for this requirement.
* 802.11k—Radio Resource Management—might help in that it should cater for faster discovery of APs. Again, not yet finalised.
* 802.21 isn’t specifically for wireless LANs at all. It’s aimed at the handoff between heterogeneous networks (wired, 802.11, Bluetooth) and while it will deal with inter-ESS roaming (ie subnet to subnet in a WLAN), it won’t speed up the Layer 2 process which is needed prior to any Layer 3 interaction. This was the P802 Handoff Study Group, and is just in the process of kicking off now.

Fast roaming now
In the meantime of course, there are proprietary solutions. The two parts that need to be speeded up to cut down outage times are the scanning process (to allow clients to find new suitable APs to associate to), and, specifically for security, a faster way of reauthenicating to cut out the RADIUS request/response process. There are things that can be done to speed up the time it takes for a client to find another suitable AP. An AP can maintain information on its adjacent APs, which it can pass to a client on request—this will give the client a better indication of usable channels to scan, for example. The biggest time saver, however, is reckoned to be in localising the 802.1x authentication process. Cisco has incorporated Fast Secure Roaming into its Wireless Domain Services (WDS) portfolio as part of its Structured Wireless Aware Networking offering, which in effect allows an AP on each local subnet to act as the authenticator for clients. When a client (or other AP) goes through the initial RADIUS authentication, it does it via one AP running WDS. This lets that AP establish shared keys between itself and every other entity in the L2 domain, and allows for quicker reauthentication. Plans are for this capability to be included in Cisco’s router/switch platforms later this year as part of its SWAN development. Symbol provides similar functionality in its hardware, while Airespace) also caters for fast roaming in its wireless switches and appliances, and companies such as Bluesocket, which use gateways to control pretty dumb APs, manage everything centrally. Proxim handles things differently, pre-authenticating clients to nearby APs as well as the one currently in use in preparation for the client moving. So before you get excited about Layer 3 roaming, make sure you understand how your vendor of choice implements it at Layer 2. If that bit’s not fast enough to stop you losing traffic, you’ll never be able to move across subnets. It’s likely to be years before there’s a usable standard in place and in the meantime while you can probably get APs from different vendors to work together, there’s no guarantee of interoperability if you want to turn on their various fast roaming options.

Wi-Fi Alliance on Monday announced that its direct peer-to-peer networking version of WiFi, called WiFi Direct, is now available on several new WiFi devices. The Alliance is also announcing that it has begun the process of certifying devices for WiFi Direct compatibility.

The organization has already certified a handful of WiFi cards from Atheros, Broadcom, Intel, Ralink, Realtek, and Cisco, as well as the Cisco Aironet 1240 Series access points. These devices will also be used in the test suite to certify that future devices are compatible with the protocol. Any device passing the tests will be designated "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Wi-Fi Direct."

"We designed Wi-Fi Direct to unleash a wide variety of applications which require device connections, but do not need the internet or even a traditional network," said Edgar Figueroa, CEO of the Wi-Fi Alliance, in a statement. The certification program will ensure compatibility with the standard across a range of devices. WiFi Direct devices can also connect to older "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" devices for backward compatibility, so chances are your current equipment will work with newer devices using the protocol.

The new protocol allows compatible devices to connect in a peer-to-peer fashion, either one-to-one or in a group, to share data with each other. The Alliance noted that many users carry a lot of data with them on portable devices like smartphones; WiFi Direct will enable users to connect these devices with each other to share that data without the need for a local WiFi network.

Though ad-hoc WiFi and Bluetooth protocols serve similar purposes, WiFi direct offers the longest range and fastest throughput, and includes enterprise-class management and security features.

Microsoft unveiled its roadmap for the Windows Azure cloud computing platform. Moving beyond mere Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), the company is positioning Windows Azure as a Platform-as-a-Service offering: a comprehensive set of development tools, services, and management systems to allow developers to concentrate on creating available, scalable applications.

Over the next 12-18 months, a raft of new functionality will be rolled out to Windows Azure customers. These features will both make it easier to move existing applications into the cloud, and enhance the services available to cloud-hosted applications.

The company believes that putting applications into the cloud will often be a multistage process. Initially, the applications will run unmodified, which will remove patching and maintenance burdens, but not take advantage of any cloud-specific functionality. Over time, the applications will be updated and modified to start to take advantage of some of the additional capabilities that the Windows Azure platform has to offer.

Microsoft is building Windows Azure into an extremely complete cloud platform. Windows Azure currently takes quite a high-level approach to cloud services: applications have limited access to the underlying operating system, and software that requires Administrator installation isn't usable. Later in the year, Microsoft will enable Administrator-level access and Remote Desktop to Windows Azure instances.

For even more compatibility with existing applications, a new Virtual Machine role is being introduced. This will allow Windows Azure users to upload VHD virtual disks and run these virtual machines in the cloud. In a similar vein, Server Application Virtualization will allow server applications to be deployed to the cloud, without the need either to rewrite them or package them within a VHD. These features will be available in beta by the end of the year. Next year, virtual machine construction will be extended to allow the creation of virtual machines within the cloud. Initially, virtual machine roles will support Windows Server 2008 R2; in 2011, Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 with Service Pack 2 will also be supported.

Microsoft also has a lot to offer for applications that are cloud-aware. Over the past year, SQL Azure, the cloud-based SQL Server version, has moved closer to feature parity with its conventional version: this will continue with the introduction of SQL Azure Reporting, bringing SQL Server's reporting features to the cloud. New data syncing capabilities will also be introduced, allowing SQL Azure to replicate data with on-premises and mobile applications. Both of these will be available in previews by the end of the year, with final releases in 2011.

A range of new building-block technologies are also being introduced, including a caching component (similar to systems such as memcached) and a message bus (for reliable delivery of messages to and from other applications or mobile devices). A smaller, cheaper tier of Windows Azure instances is also being introduced, comparable to Amazon's recently-released Micro instances of EC2.

The breadth of services that Microsoft is building for the Windows Azure platform is substantial. Compared to Amazon's EC2 or Google's AppEngine, Windows Azure is becoming a far more complete platform: while EC2 and AppEngine both offer a few bits and pieces that are comparable (EC2 is particularly strong at hosting existing applications in custom virtual machines, for example), they aren't offering the same cohesive set of services.

Nonetheless, there are still areas that could be improved. The billing system is currently inflexible, and offers no ability for third parties to integrate with the existing Windows Azure billing. This means that a company wishing to offer its own building blocks for use by Windows Azure applications has to also implement its own monitoring and billing system. Windows Azure also has no built-in facility for automating job management and scaling.

Both of these gaps were pertinent to one of yesterday's demonstrations. Animation studio Pixar has developed a prototype version of its RenderMan rendering engine that works on Windows Azure. Traditionally, RenderMan was only accessible to the very largest animation studios, as it requires considerable investment in hardware to build render farms. By moving RenderMan to the cloud, smaller studios can use RenderMan for rendering jobs without having to maintain all those systems. It allows RenderMan to be sold as a service to anyone needing rendering capabilities.

Neither job management—choosing when to spin up extra instances, when to power them down, how to spread the different frames that need rendering between instances—nor billing are handled by Windows Azure itself. In both cases, Pixar needed to develop its own facilities. Microsoft recognizes that these are likely to be useful to a broad range of applications, and as such good candidates for a Microsoft-provided building block. But at the moment, they're not a part of the platform.

Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer has said that Microsoft is "all in" with the cloud. The company is certainly working hard to make Windows Azure a better platform, and the commitment to the cloud extends beyond the Windows Azure team itself. Ars was told that all new development of online applications within Microsoft was using Windows Azure, and with few exceptions, existing online applications had migration plans that would be implemented in the next two years. The two notable exceptions are Hotmail and Bing, both of which already have their own, custom-built, dedicated server farms.

This internal commitment is no surprise given the history of the platform. Windows Azure was originally devised and developed to be an internal platform for application hosting. However, before there was any significant amount of internal usage, the company decided to offer it as a service to third parties. Now that the platform has matured, those internal applications are starting to migrate over. As such, this makes Windows Azure, in a sense, the opposite to both EC2 and AppEngine. Those products were a way for Amazon and Google to monetize their preexisting infrastructure investment—investment that had to be made simply to run the companies' day-to-day business.

With the newly announced features, there's no doubt that Windows Azure is shaping up to be a cloud computing platform that is both powerful and flexible. Microsoft is taking the market seriously, and its "all in" position seems to represent a genuine commitment to the cloud. What remains to be seen is whether this dedication will be matched by traditionally conservative businesses and developers, especially among small and medium enterprises. A move to the cloud represents a big change in thinking, and the new Windows Azure features will do nothing to assuage widespread fears such as a perceived loss of control. It is this change in mindset, not any technological issue, that represents the biggest barrier to widespread adoption of Windows Azure, and how Microsoft aims to tackle the problem is not yet clear.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) adalah protokol yang berbasis arsitektur client/server yang dipakai untuk memudahkan pengalokasian alamat IP dalam satu jaringan. Sebuah jaringan lokal yang tidak menggunakan DHCP harus memberikan alamat IP kepada semua komputer secara manual. Jika DHCP dipasang di jaringan lokal, maka semua komputer yang tersambung di jaringan akan mendapatkan alamat IP secara otomatis dari server DHCP. Selain alamat IP, banyak parameter jaringan yang dapat diberikan oleh DHCP, seperti default gateway dan DNS server.

Cara Kerja DHCP

Karena DHCP merupakan sebuah protokol yang menggunakan arsitektur client/server, maka dalam DHCP terdapat dua pihak yang terlibat, yakni DHCP Server dan DHCP Client.

* DHCP server merupakan sebuah mesin yang menjalankan layanan yang dapat “menyewakan” alamat IP dan informasi TCP/IP lainnya kepada semua klien yang memintanya. Beberapa sistem operasi jaringan seperti Windows NT Server, Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, atau GNU/Linux memiliki layanan seperti ini.
* DHCP client merupakan mesin klien yang menjalankan perangkat lunak klien DHCP yang memungkinkan mereka untuk dapat berkomunikasi dengan DHCP Server. Sebagian besar sistem operasi klien jaringan (Windows NT Workstation, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP, Windows Vista, atau GNU/Linux) memiliki perangkat lunak seperti ini.

DHCP server umumnya memiliki sekumpulan alamat yang diizinkan untuk didistribusikan kepada klien, yang disebut sebagai DHCP Pool. Setiap klien kemudian akan menyewa alamat IP dari DHCP Pool ini untuk waktu yang ditentukan oleh DHCP, biasanya hingga beberapa hari. Manakala waktu penyewaan alamat IP tersebut habis masanya, klien akan meminta kepada server untuk memberikan alamat IP yang baru atau memperpanjangnya.

DHCP Client akan mencoba untuk mendapatkan “penyewaan” alamat IP dari sebuah DHCP server dalam proses empat langkah berikut:

1. DHCPDISCOVER: DHCP client akan menyebarkan request secara broadcast untuk mencari DHCP Server yang aktif.
2. DHCPOFFER: Setelah DHCP Server mendengar broadcast dari DHCP Client, DHCP server kemudian menawarkan sebuah alamat kepada DHCP client.
3. DHCPREQUEST: Client meminta DCHP server untuk menyewakan alamat IP dari salah satu alamat yang tersedia dalam DHCP Pool pada DHCP Server yang bersangkutan.
4. DHCPACK: DHCP server akan merespons permintaan dari klien dengan mengirimkan paket acknowledgment. Kemudian, DHCP Server akan menetapkan sebuah alamat (dan konfigurasi TCP/IP lainnya) kepada klien, dan memperbarui basis data database miliknya. Klien selanjutnya akan memulai proses binding dengan tumpukan protokol TCP/IP dan karena telah memiliki alamat IP, klien pun dapat memulai komunikasi jaringan.

Konsep DHCP yaitu melayani permintaan dari pada Clientnya, meminta IP untuk disebarkan ke client2 secara otomatis. >DHCP ini didesain untuk melayani network yang besar dan konfigurasi TCP/IP yang kompleks….
Hal ini berlaku jika komputer tersebut menggunakan setting IP dengan DHCP atau di Windows mengaktifkan pilihan “Obtain IP Address Automatically” tau kan maksud gw..

Trus Jika terdapat sebuah DHCP Server dengan range IP 192.168.1.100 sampai dengan 192.168.10.200, maka setiap komputer yang terhubung pada jaringan tersebut dan mengaktifkan penggunaan DHCP, maka DHCP Server akan memberikan alamat IP pada range diatas yaitu antara 100 – 200. ngarti kan…

kalo pada jaringan tersebut terdapat sebuah komputer dengan IP Statik dan masih dalam range dari IP DHCP Server maka DHCP Server tidak akan menggunakan IP tersebut untuk diberikan kepada pengguna DHCP yang lain..

* IP Address berarti= network addres = Host address

PROSES DHCP :

1. Indentifikasi DHCP Server
2. MeminTa IP
3. Menerima IP
4. Memutuskan Untuk Menggunakan IP tersebut…

DHCP menggunakan konsep DHCP relay agent ( tak henti2 ) nyambung terus walaupun mati, DHCP relay agent adalah sebuah host yang melanjutkan paket DHCP antara
Client dan server. Relay agent digunakan untuk melanjutkan permintaan dan balasan
antara client dan server yang mereka tidak dalam physical subnet yang sama…

Konfigurasi DHCP
Database DHCP server diorganisasikan seperti pohon. Akar dari pohon adalah alamat pool untuk network alami, ranting-rantingnya dalah alamat pool subnetwork, dan daunnya secara manual mengikat client.
Subnetwork mewarisi parameter network dan client mewarisi subnetwork parameter. Oleh karena itu, kebanyakan parameter, seperti nama domain, harus di konfigurasi pada level tertinggi (network atau subnetwork) dari pohon…..pohon jambu, pohon beringin dan lain lain….

Kelemahan DHCP :

kelemahan DHCP ini diantaranya terhubungnya komputer yang tidak diinginkan masuk pada jaringan komputer. Sehingga komputer atau laptop yang tidak diinginkan tersebut dapat mengakses sumber daya yang ada pada jaringan.

untuk menghindari hal tersebut, setiap klient komputer yang ingin terhubung ke jaringan harus di identifikasi ke absahannya. dengan menerapkan MAC address yang dimiliki oleh setiap NIC, dapat diketahui keabsahan komputer tersebut. sehingga jika ada MAC address yang tidak tidak terdaftar di komputer DHCP server, maka komputer tersebut tidak dapat mengakses jaringan…

IPv6 are next generation of IPv4. The addressing scheme used for the TCP/IP protocols is called IP version 4 (IPv4). This scheme uses a 32-bit binary number to identify networks and end stations. This 32-bit scheme yields about 4 billion addresses, but because of the dotted decimal system (which breaks the number into four sections of 8 bits each) and other considerations, only about 250 million usable addresses exist. When the scheme was originally developed in the 1980s, no one ever thought that address would become scarce. The advent of the Internet, however, along with the trend of making many devices Internet-compatible (which means they need an address), such as cell phones and PDAs, makes running out of IPv4 addresses a certainty.


Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT) were developed as solutions to the diminishing availability of IP addresses. NAT and PAT enable a company or user to share a single (or a few) assigned IP addresses among several private addresses that are not bound by an address authority. Although these schemes preserve address space and provide anonymity, the benefits come at the cost of individuality, which goes against the very reason for networking in the first place, which is to allow peer-to-peer collaborations through shared applications.

IP addressing scheme version 6 (IPv6) not only provides an answer to the problem of depleting address space, it allows for the restoration of a true end-to-end model, where hosts can connect to each other unobstructed and with greater flexibility. The key elements in IPv6 are to allow for each host to have a unique global IP address, to maintain connectivity even when in motion, and to natively secure host communications.

IPv6 Addresses The 128-bit address used in IPv6 allows for a greater number of addresses and subnets (enough space for 1015 end points - 340,282,366,920,938,463,463, 374,607,431,768,211,456 total).

IPv6 was designed to give every user multiple global addresses that can be used for a variety of devices, including cell phones, PDAs, IP-enabled vehicles, and consumer electronics. In addition to providing more address space, IPv6 has the following advantages over IPv4:

* Easier address management and delegation
* Easy address autoconfiguration
* Embedded IPSec (encrypted security)
* Optimized routing
* Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)

IPv6 Notation
This figure demonstrates the notation and shortcuts for IPv6 addresses.

128 bits are expressed as 8 fields of 16 bits in Hex notation:
2031 :0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B

An IPv6 address uses the first 64 bits in the address for the network ID and the second 64 bits for the host ID. The network ID is separated into "prefix" chunks. This figure shows the address hierarchy.

IPv6 Autoconfiguration
IPv4 deployments use one of two methods to assign IP addresses to a host: static assignment (which is management intensive) or DHCP/BOOTP, which automatically assigns IP addresses to hosts upon booting onto the network.

IPv6 provides a feature called stateless auto con figuration that is similar to Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Using stateless configuration, any router interface that has an IPv6 address assigned to it becomes the "provider" of IP addresses on the network to which it’s attached. Safeguards are built into IPv6 that prevent duplicate addresses. This feature is called Duplicate Address Detection (DAD).

IPv6 Security
IPv6 has embedded support for IPSec. The host operating system (OS) can configure an IPSec tunnel between the host and any other host that has IPv6 support.

NAT and PAT
Although Network Address Translation (NAT) causes problems with peer-to-peer collaboration, it is still widely used, particularly in homes and small offices.

* Static NAT uses a one-to-one private-to-public address translation.
* Dynamic NAT matches private addresses to a pool of public addresses on an as-needed basis. The address translation is still one to one.

Port Address Translation (PAT) is a form of dynamic address translation that uses a many private addresses to few or one public address. This is referred to as overloading. It is accomplished by assigning port numbers.

DirectX 11 come as the next generation of Windows DirectX graphic technology will be implement on Windows 7 with support wide varieties of Windows games and graphic display devices. After making DirectX 10 available for windows Vista, Microsoft has released DirectX 11 with Direct3D 11 available for download as technical preview for public testing.

“This version of the Windows 7/Direct3D 11 Technical Preview ships as part of the DirectX SDK and contains the following new features, tools, and documentation: Technical Preview of Direct2D; Technical Preview of DirectWrite; Technical Preview of DXGI 1.1,” the Redmond company informed.

As Windows 7/Direct3D 11 Technical Preview is part of DirectX SDK and contains Technical Preview of Direct2D, DirectWrite, DXGI 1.1. Good news is, it is not only available as Technical Preview but also as DirectX End-User Runtimes.

This DirectX11 release contains the following new Direct features and tools:

* Technical Preview of Direct2D

Direct2D is a hardware-accelerated, immediate-mode, 2-D graphics API that provides high performance and high quality rendering for 2-D geometry, bitmaps, and text. The Direct2D API is designed to interoperate well with Direct3D and GDI. This technical preview allows developers to evaluate the API and write simple applications, with some of the more advanced functionality possible on properly configured machines.

* Technical Preview of DirectWrite

DirectWrite provides support for high-quality text rendering, resolution-independent outline fonts, and full Unicode text and layout support, and much, much more.

* Technical Preview of DXGI 1.1

DXGI 1.1 builds on DXGI 1.0 and will be available on both Windows Vista and Windows 7. DXGI 1.1 adds several new features.

for download, check link bellow :

Download DirectX 11 Software Development Kit

Download DirectX 11 End-User Runtimes

Download DirectX 11 Web Installer

However, Direct3D 11 (DirectX 11) that supported on Windows 7 and Windows Vista only. Except Windows XP users cannot install DirectX 11.

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a connection standard that was first developed by Hitachi, Panasonic, RCA, Silicon Image, Sony, and Toshiba in 2002. HDMI is quickly emerging as the connection standard for HDTV in the consumer electronics market. HDMI is the first and only digital interface that is able to combine uncompressed audio and video over a single cable. Possessing a bandwidth of 5 Gbps, transmissions over HDMI are currently using less than half of that. This leaves plenty of room to expand the technology in the future.

HDMI is fully backwards compatible with DVI, and will supplant it as the interface of choice over the next few years.

HDMI - High Definition Multimedia Interface
DVI and HDMI are fully interchangeable using HDMI-DVI adapters, which are available here. The HDMI specification supports long copper cable lengths up to 15 meters, and even longer lengths are supported with the use of fiber optic technology. Click here to view our entire selection of HDMI cables.

HDMI also supports HDCP. HDCP stands for High Definition Content Protection. It is a specification that was developed by Intel Corporation (with input from Silicon Image) to protect digital entertainment content across both the DVI and HDMI interfaces.

Anti-Aliasing is a method of fooling the eye that a jagged edge is really smooth. Anti-Aliasing is often referred in games and on graphics cards. In games especially the chance to smooth edges of the images goes a long way to creating a realistic 3D image on the screen. Remember though that Anti-Aliasing does not actually smooth any edges of images it merely fools the eye. Like a lot of things they are only designed to be good enough. If you can't tell the difference then that's fine. Lets take a look at the example below to demonstrate the effects of Anti-Aliasing.

The letter on the left is a blown up letter a with no anti-aliasing. The letter on the right has had anti-aliasing applied to it. In this blown up form it looks like its simply blurred but if we reduce the size down to a more standard size you may see the difference.

Now look closely at the two letters. You can still tell that the letter of the left is jagged but the letter on the right looks a lot smoother and less blurry than the example above. Remember I have only shrunk the image down back to normal size and have not altered anything else to the image at all. So as you can see, Anti-Aliasing brings a much more pleasing image to the eye. Something like what comes out of a high class printer rather than what you can be used to seeing when on a computer screen.

Why do we get jagged edges on our graphics?

Jagged edges are cause by limitations in a computer screen, whether that be a CRT or TFT/LCD screen its all the same. Monitors are capable or producing nearly perfect straight lines either horizontally or vertically, but when it comes to diagonal lines of any angle your monitor is not capable of producing a line without some jagged edge. This is because your screen is made up of pixels in a grid formation. When you draw a diagonal line on a computer screen it has to cross several grid lines, because pixels create blocks of colour diagonal lines displace these blocks slightly causing jagged edges, Check out the following example to see what happens on your screen.

To the left is a graphic on a grid of how we would draw a diagonal line on a grid. As you can to get a straight line we have to cross over the grid lines. To the right is a graphic of how a computer would draw the same line. As you can see the line is jagged. This is because the grid squares are pixels and half a pixel cannot be one colour and half the other. The pixel is red or white in this case.

Newer monitors are combating the problem themselves by decreasing the dot pitch. Dot pitch is the space between pixels. The closer the pixels the less jagged to lines appear. However while this can decrease the effects it can't solve them. Move on to page 2 to see how Anti-Aliasing works to fool your eye into thinking you have straight smooth edges.

Microsft Windows 8(next generation of Microsoft Windows 7) is starting to take a OS market. Windows 7 is only 10 months old, but it's never too early to glance on down the road at Windows 8. Microsoft’s next version of Windows client is far enough along that the Windows team seems to have begun sharing details about its goals with Microsoft’s PC partners. A leaked slide deck — excerpts of which first appeared on the Web site of blogger Francisco Martin Garcia — don’t reveal a whole lot in terms of specific features. But they do look like the real deal, as Microsoft Kitchen blogger Stephen Chapman — who pulled out even more of the slides in his post — noted.

The leaked slides (dating from April 2010) reference “Windows 8,” not “Windows v.Next” (the Windows client team’s preferred codename these days). They indicate that the next version of Windows, which is expected by many to ship in 2012, will possibly offer some of these features:

- Fast startup (Huzzah!): A new feature combining Logoff and Hibernate to result will give the look and feel of boot/shutdown be faster

- Slates mentioned specifically as a target form factor: It will be interesting to see how Microsoft distinguishes between slates running Windows Embedded Compact and slates running Windows 8

- Push-button reset: A button “that will essentially reinstall Windows while maintaining all of your personal files, applications, settings, etc. without the need for the user to back all of that stuff up,” as Stephen Chapman of Microsoft Kitchen describes it

- Support for facial recognition as one of the ways identity management/log in will be handled

- IE 9 (no surprise there): With another confirmation of August as being the target for the first beta (though I could see this possibly slipping a bit)

- More thorough help and support, enabling users to do more fixing of issues on their own

- A Windows App Store (mentioned in the section on push-button reset)

Microsoft isn’t commenting (so far) on the slides and isn’t even confirming that they are “Genuine” Windows 8 PowerPoints — or how much they reflect current reality. However, I’d note the date on these slides is April 2010 and they sure have the vague look and feel of early Windows documentation.

AJAX, web applications are fun to build. They are like the fancy sportscar of Websites. Web applications allow the designer and developer to get together and solve a problem for their customers that the customers might not have even know they had. That's how the blogging tools like MovableType and Blogger came about after all. I mean, before Blogger, did you know you needed an online tool to build your Web site blog? But most Web applications are slow and tedious. Even the fastest of them has lots of free time for your customers to go get a coffee, work on their dog training, or (worst of all) head off to a faster Web site. It's that dreaded hourglass! You click a link and the hourglass appears as the Web application consults the server and the server thinks about what it's going to send back to you.

Ajax is Here to Change That
Ajax (sometimes called Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a way of programming for the Web that gets rid of the hourglass. Data, content, and design are merged together into a seamless whole. When your customer clicks on something on an Ajax driven application, there is very little lag time. The page simply displays what they're asking for. If you don't believe me, try out Google Maps for a few seconds. Scroll around and watch as the map updates almost before your eyes. There is very little lag and you don't have to wait for pages to refresh or reload.
What is Ajax?

Ajax is a way of developing Web applications that combines:

* XHTML and CSS standards based presentation
* Interaction with the page through the DOM
* Data interchange with XML and XSLT
* Asynchronous data retrieval with XMLHttpRequest
* JavaScript to tie it all together

In the traditional Web application, the interaction between the customer and the server goes like this:

1. Customer accesses Web application
2. Server processes request and sends data to the browser while the customer waits
3. Customer clicks on a link or interacts with the application
4. Server processes request and sends data back to the browser while the customer waits

There is a lot of customer waiting.

Ajax Acts as an Intermediary
The Ajax engine works within the Web browser (through JavaScript and the DOM) to render the Web application and handle any requests that the customer might have of the Web server. The beauty of it is that because the Ajax engine is handling the requests, it can hold most information in the engine itself, while allowing the interaction with the application and the customer to happen asynchronously and independently of any interaction with the server.
Asynchronous

This is the key. In standard Web applications, the interaction between the customer and the server is synchronous. This means that one has to happen after the other. If a customer clicks a link, the request is sent to the server, which then sends the results back.

With Ajax, the JavaScript that is loaded when the page loads handles most of the basic tasks such as data validation and manipulation, as well as display rendering the Ajax engine handles without a trip to the server. At the same time that it is making display changes for the customer, it is sending data back and forth to the server. But the data transfer is not dependent upon actions of the customer.

32 bit and 64 bit operating system? what are the difference between both of them? A 32 bit processor is faster than a 64 bit processor, 64 bit processors are very commonly used that you can find it easily in any home pc but the main difference is the hardware you are having on your machine. For 32 bits there isn't any need of any wide main bus to carry 32 bits at a time but for 64 bits its must that you should have a wider bus to carry 64bits.

The main difference between a 32 bit and 64 is that 32 bit system has 4gb(gigabytes) of space for addressing means that the 32 bit system has a limit of 4GB RAM to process data where as the 64 bit operating system has 2^64 bits of space to address and supports 16 hexabytes of RAM to process data.

In simple words an operating system of 32 bit has a 4GB limit to process any data depending upon the sizes of files and RAM. A person who does not care about the category will find 64 bit more beneficial than 32 bit because he can use 64 bit OS with 32 bit OS and software. If we compare 64 bit with 32 bit OS, 64 bit processor is faster and performs more upgraded silicon processes and have more no of transistors which proves it to be more advantageous than 32 bit.

Now most of the software companies are developing their software in accordance to the 64 bit environment, it's really hard for the consumers to run a 64 bit application in 32 bit environment, in this case they have to upgrade their hardware's such as RAM which is also a big issue because most of the computer users have less than 1Gb in their systems.

So instead of changing your hardware often I would recommend 32 bit OS over 64 bit which is more user friendly and enables its user to run applications of 64 bit in 32 bit environment.

Microsoft have released a new product, Windows Phone 7 Series. Get used to the name, because it's now a part of the smartphone vernacular... however verbose it may seem. Today Microsoft launches one of its most ambitious (if not most ambitious) projects: the rebranding of Windows Mobile(You must be familiar with it :D). The company is introducing the new mobile OS at Mobile World Congress 2010, in Barcelona, and if the press is anything to be believed, this is just the beginning.


The phone operating system does away with pretty much every scrap of previous mobile efforts from Microsoft, from the look and feel down to the underlying code -- everything is brand new. Windows phone 7 Series has rebuilt Windows Mobile from the ground up, featuring a completely altered home screen and user interface experience, robust Xbox LIVE and Zune integration, and vastly new and improved social networking tools. Gone is the familiar Start screen, now replaced with "tiles" which scroll vertically and can be customized as quick launches, links to contacts, or self contained widgets. The look of the OS has also been radically upended, mirroring the Zune HD experience closely, replete with that large, iconic text for menus, and content transitions which elegantly (and dimensionally) slide a user into and out of different views. The OS is also heavily focused on social networking, providing integrated contact pages which show status updates from multiple services and allow fast jumps to richer cloud content (such as photo galleries). The Xbox integration will include LIVE games, avatars, and profiles, while the Zune end of things appears to be a carbon copy of the standalone device's features (including FM radio).

Besides just flipping the script on the brand, the company seems to be taking a much more vertical approach with hardware and user experience, dictating rigid specs for Windows Phone 7 Series devices (a specific CPU and speed, screen aspect ratio and resolution, memory, and even button configuration), and doing away with carrier or partner UI customizations such as Sense or TouchWiz. That's right -- there will be a single Windows Phone identity regardless of carrier or device brand. Those new phones will likely look similar at first, featuring a high res touchscreen, three front-facing buttons (back, start, and perhaps not shockingly, a Bing key), and little else.

Carrier partnerships are far and wide, including AT&T, Deutsche Telekom AG, Orange, SFR, Sprint, Telecom Italia, Telefónica, Telstra, T-Mobile USA, Verizon Wireless and Vodafone, while hardware partners include Dell, Garmin-Asus, HTC, HP, LG, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba and Qualcomm. We're told that we likely won't get to see any third-party devices at MWC, though Microsoft is showing off dev units of unknown origin, and the first handsets are supposed to hit the market by the holidays of this year.