Cyber Drops

The programs we're using are getting more complex while software update cycles are getting shorter. Add the fact that we're increasingly depending on computers connected to the Internet to this mix and what you have is a recipe for computer bugs and security holes.

The good news is that these same factors can also be the best way to handle computer and the Internet related security issues and bugs. But only if you take the necessary steps to stay informed.



Things you can do to safeguard your computer


* STAY ALERT!

Sounds simple? But do you really know if you have the latest patch for your browser, the software you use everyday or even the operating system that you run all your programs on?

Don't expect to hear about security issues and other software bugs in the traditional media such as the TV and news papers. Even if you subscribe to a technical journal, you may not get the news in time.

o Use email notification services : Subscribe to email notification services related to the software you use. Don't forget to include your operating system, web browser and any other software that will connect to the Internet in this list. Almost all of these notification services are free and subscription information is usually found on the software publisher's web site or the software registration card.

o Periodically check related web sites : If an email notification service is not available, add a task to your calendar to check your software publishers' web sites at least every month, if not every week. You may have to search their news archives to find any security bulletins.

o Search newsgroups : Some software publishers may not provide timely information about their software glitches openly. In such instances, newsgroups dedicated to open discussions may help you to find related messages posted by other users. Be aware that the quality and the credibility of information gathered from newsgroups maybe lower than information retrieved using above two methods. Searching, rather than browsing messages one by one, is recommended when it comes to newsgroup postings. For example, search for:
"product name" AND bug OR fix

* TAKE ACTION

Once you become aware of a bug or a security issue, carefully read the documentation for it and take the recommended action.

For example, if applying a software patch is recommended by the software publisher, do so as soon as possible. Don't delay taking action until the end of the month. Some software patches must be applied in a particular order. Applying fixes as they become available could make it easier to keep this order.

* KEEP DEFECTIVE SOFTWARE OUT OF REACH

After applying patches to your current software installation, be sure to remove defective software from circulation and to document the actions you took for future reference.

For example, if you receive a replacement CD or a floppy with a fix, remove obsolete disks from the circulation to avoid future confusions.

If the fix was provided in a form of a patch (if you still need the original installation disks in case you have to reinstall the software), be sure to make a note of the patches you applied for future reference. You may want to keep a separate notepad for this purpose or simply label or mark the disks as a reminder to yourself.


If you're responsible for maintaining more than just your personal computer, administrating a network for example, you should take extra steps such as examining server log files, renewing passwords and evaluating the effectiveness of your organization's security measures.

Following is a list of resources useful to all Windows users and to most other Internet users to stay up-to-date with security and other computer software defects related news:

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X012198-DN-A
Online tool for searching, reading and posting Usenet newsgroups.

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X072998-MS-S
Security, Microsoft Security Advisor, Internet Security, NT Security. News, advisories, how to improve security.

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X072998-WI-U
Get Windows 98, NT, 2000, XP,Vista and other software updates online.

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X072998-IE-S
The place to get Internet Explorer related security updates.

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X072998-MS-B
The Microsoft Security Notification Service is a free e-mail notification service that Microsoft uses to send information to subscribers about the security of Microsoft products.

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X072998-CE-R
The CERT* Coordination Center studies Internet security vulnerabilities, provides incident response services to sites that have been the victims of attack, publishes a variety of security alerts, researches security and survivability in wide-area-networked computing, and develops information to help you improve security at your site.

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X072998-NT-B
NTBugtraq is a mailing list for the discussion of security exploits and security bugs in Windows NT and its related applications.

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X072998-W3-S
W3C's World Wide Web Security FAQ for webmasters.

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X072998-NS-S
Security issues related to Netscape products.

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X080298-CI-C
CIAC provides on-call technical assistance and information to Department of Energy (DOE) sites faced with computer security incidents. The other services CIAC provides are: awareness, training, and education; trend, threat, vulnerability data collection and analysis; and technology watch.

http://www.html-kit.com/e/go.cgi?i=X080298-CS-T
Located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, provides solutions to U.S. Government agencies facing today's security challenges in information technology.

So you opened the door to your home on the net and now you want to know who's visiting? You could use a counter, tracker or a log analyzer among other things.

Methods of tracking usage
Counters:
Generally speaking, a counter is a small program that can keep track of hits to a web page. A counter's only purpose in life is to increment its total count every time the page its on is requested or viewed. Since counters are installed on one-per-page basis, most counters will count page hits only. In other words, counters will not count hits to images (how many times a particular image in your site was loaded) and other objects on a page such as sound files, Java applets, etc.



Trackers:

A tracker is usually an extended version of the counter concept. It will not only keep an on going count, but it will record other related information such as date/time, originating IP address, operating system and browser version that caused the hit. Most trackers also have a separate log reports generator, so that you can analyze data recorded by the tracker. Unlike counters, most trackers does not have a counter display; in other words they may not display the actual ongoing count on the web page.


Web server log analyzers:

Unlike counters and trackers, log analyzers depend on web server logs to gather necessary information to generate usage statistics. There's no need to paste any special code on to your pages when using this type of program, because the web server that's serving your pages, images, applets, etc., is automatically recording this information in the background. A log analyzer would simply import this information from web server logs according to a user specified timeframe to generate reports.


Both counters and trackers are usually pasted on to the web page itself and usually visible to the visitor. There are two major counter/tracker types -- stand-alone and hosted.


A "hosted counter" is a counter that's installed on a web server/site other than your own. You can use a hosted counter simply by pasting a set of customized HTML tags obtained from the counter provider.

A "stand-alone counter", on the other hand, is a counter that you have to install on your web server/site. These counters usually require the installation of a counter script -- a program that keep track of hits. Installing a stand-alone counter could be harder, compared to a hosted counter, if you have no prior experience in installing CGI scripts. Since this type of counters are installed on your own server, one of the advantages is that counter performance doesn't depend on the performance of an external server.



Comparisons -- What's best for your needs?

So what type of program most suitable for you? Well, there are many variables in the answer to this question. If you're getting space for your web site for free, your only option maybe to use a hosted counter or tracker service. If you have CGI access, you could install a stand-alone counter. If you have access to the web server logs, then you can use a web server log analyzer. So ask your web space provider what type of options are available to you. They may even have their own way of tracking your web site usage.

As mentioned above, a tracker is supposed to provide more information than a counter. However, note that some counter providers may refer to their product as a "counter" and yet provide the detailed log reports a tracker is assumed to provide. We will use the term "counter provider" to represent both counter-only providers and counter+tracker/tracker-only providers for the reminder of this document.

Hosted counters / trackers

Advantages


* Minimum requirements: Unlike other types of usage tracking tools, you only need a web page on the Internet to use a hosted counter service.
* Easy to install: Usually a matter of pasting custom HTML tags provided by the counter provider.
* Instant setup: Since it's easy to setup, you can start tracking your site sooner.
* Instant updates: Updates made to the program will be available to you, without further modifications in most cases.
* Zero or less maintenance: The counter provider is responsible for maintaining the primary program and related components.
* More choices: There are more hosted counter providers than stand-alone counter software providers and/or web server log analyzing software providers. Even your web space provider may offer a counter at least for pages that you're hosting on their server.
* Able to track page hits only: Almost all counter providers count page hits only, not hits to images and other objects on the page. This could be an advantage over web server log analyzers, since recording hits to objects on the page could not only create large log files but make it harder to analyze "pure hits."
* Platform independent: Unlike stand-alone counters and log analyzers, most hosted counter services can be used regardless of the type of computer or operating system you're using.


Disadvantages


* Hosted on an external server: In other words, if the external server goes down, your counter will not function during the outage.
* Free services may require something in return: It takes resources to maintain a web server. Some free counter providers may require you to display a banner on your site, display banners on your log report and/or provide exposure to their site in order to cover maintenance costs.
* Commercial counter services maybe too costly for personal use: Since commercial hosted counter services are based on subscriptions (yearly, monthly, etc.), you will have a recurring cost. Also, some commercial services may charge comparatively higher fees, depending on the number of hits your site receive, to cover maintenance costs.
* Limited usage: Both free and commercial hosted counter service providers have terms and conditions that you must meet. Most may require you to limit the counter to a single page or only a few pages. They may not support sites getting more than a given number of daily hits, or they may charge you extra. Most hosted counter services are not available for sites containing adult material.
* Able to track page hits only: This could be a disadvantage if you need to track hits to images and other objects on your page.
* May not work on Intranets and Extranets: Most hosted-counter services were designed for Internet pages, and may not work on your local Intranet or Extranet.
* Maybe too crowded: Free hosted counter services get more users because of the ease of use and free access. This may translate to overcrowded servers and slower response from the technical support.
* Time sensitive reports: Most hosted-counter services will purge older logs and reports. You may miss some reports unless you're able to examine reports daily.


Stand-alone counters / trackers

Advantages


* Installed on the local server: Since stand-alone counters are installed on the same server your pages are hosted, your counter will be available as long as your web server is available.
* Broader usage: Again since stand-alone counters are installed on your server, you can usually track any page on your web server regardless of its content or the number of hits it's receiving.
* Able to manipulate: You maybe able to manipulate stand-alone counters to your specific needs since the software reside on your server.
* Usually faster: Assuming that you have a fast server, using a stand-alone counter could possibly be faster than using a shared hosted-counter.
* One time fee: Unlike commercial hosted-counter services, using a stand-alone counter doesn't generate recurring fees. Once you buy the software, you can keep using it in most cases.
* Internets, Intranets and Extranets are supported: Most stand-alone counters can be used on any network environment.
* Archival of old reports: You'll be able to control when your logs and reports expire with most stand-alone counters.


Disadvantages


* Require CGI or similar access: You need CGI or similar access to your web server in order to install a stand-alone counter. If you're using free web space, most likely you won't get CGI access, but ask your web space provider to be sure.
* Harder to install: Unless you're familiar with installing CGI scripts, installing a stand-alone counter could be harder.
* Maintenance: You're responsible for maintaining counter related programs and data files.
* Manual updates: If there is an update to the counter software, you'd have to update or reinstall the software.
* Possibly less options: There are less stand-alone counter software providers than there are hosted counter providers. This may translate to less options.
* Some are platform dependant: Some stand-alone counters may not work on certain web servers. Others may require specific procedures to be taken to be used on specific servers.


Web server log analyzers

Advantages


* Intermediate ease of installation: Installing and using a log analyzer is usually easier than setting up a stand-alone counter and harder than using a hosted-counter.
* Track any and all objects: Web server log analyzer is able to generate reports on any and all objects served by the web server that's in its log file. If you have a need to track objects on your pages, this is an advantage over hosted and stand-alone counters.
* More details: Since the main job of log analyzers is to analyze information that's already in the web server logs and these software run on local computers in most cases, they usually generate more detailed reports.
* Unlimited usage: Most log analyzers can be used to track any of your web server logs.
* More customizable: Reports generated using log analyzers are more customizable than most hosted-counter reports.
* Transparent usage: Since the web server is responsible for keeping track of hits to pages, there's no need to install custom HTML tags on the specific pages that you want to keep track of. This would make usage tracking completely transparent to the web site visitors.
* One time cost: Once you pay the one time cost to obtain the software, you will not have recurring subscriptions fees as with commercial hosted counter providers.


Disadvantages


* Require access to web server logs: You must have access to your web server logs to use a log analyzer. If you're using free web space, you may not have this option, but ask your web space provider to be sure.
* No counter display: Unlike counters and trackers, web server log analyzers usually do not keep an on going count of hits to pages nor display the count on web pages. If you want to display the hit count to your visitors, you may have to use a counter or a tracker as well.
* Can be slower: Since log analyzers have to filter through web server logs to generate specific reports, these can be slower than hosted or stand-alone counter reports. However, if you have a fast system, this may not be a concern.
* Platform dependant: Unlike hosted-counters, log analyzers are platform dependant. Although most analyzers support most web server log formats, very few analyzers are able to run on multiple client computer platforms.
* Higher up-front cost: Unlike with paid hosted counter services with comparatively lower recurring fees spread over a period of time, you have to pay a higher one time price up-front to obtain most log analyzer software.


External resources -- Shopping for your counter

Always refer to the specific features of a given usage tracking tool to find out exactly what it's capable of, since some of them may offer more features than the "norm" described above. If you choose to go with a tracker, take a look at its log report demonstrations before subscribing. If you go with a web server log analyzer, you may want to download a trial copy first. Also, don't forget to read the fine print -- disclaimer, terms and conditions -- and follow those terms if you decide to use a particular service.

TIP: If you're thinking about usage tracking for the first time, starting with a simple counter or a tracker maybe the way to go. It's better to start with a free counter service, unless you have a good reason not to. Since most paid counter services charge according to the number of hits you receive, you can gather this information using a free counter service before deciding on a commercial service. If you have several pages that you must track, you maybe out of luck with any sort of hosted counter service, at which point using a stand-alone counter or a log analyzer maybe the only options.

just for fun,not for believe..
sekedar riset iseng2 dari 100 orang korban yang berhasil saya bodohi untuk mendapatkan riset gratis tanpa dana(biasanya survey2 butuh dana,lagi krisis nyari korban yang bisa gratisan).
langsung saja disimak hasilnya dibawah ini :




Golongan darah A

* berkepala dingin, serius, sabar dan
kalem atau cool (bahasa kerennya)

* mempunyai karakter yg tegas, bisa
diandalkan dan dipercaya namun keras kepala

* sebelum melakukan sesuatu mereka
memikirkannya terlebih dahulu. Dan
merencanakan segala sesuatunya secara
matang. Mereka mengerjakan segalanya
dengan sungguh-sungguh dan secara konsisten

* berusaha membuat diri mereka sewajar
dan seideal mungkin

* mereka bisa kelihatan menyendiri dan
jauh dari orang-orang

* mereka mencoba menekan perasaan mereka
dan karena sering melakukannya mereka
terlihat tegar. meskipun sebenarnya
mereka mempunyai sisi yg lembek seperti
gugup dan lain sebagainya

* Mereka cenderung keras terhadap
orang-orang yang tidak sependapat.
Makanya mereka cenderung berada di
sekitar orang-orang yang ber'temperamen'
sama.



Gologan darah B

* Orang yang bergolongan darah B ini
cenderung penasaran dan tertarik
terhadap segalanya.

* Mereka juga cenderung mempunyai
terlalu banyak kegemaran dan hobby.
Kalau sedang suka dengan sesuatu
biasanya mereka menggebu-gebu namun
cepat juga bosan.

* Tapi biasanya mereka bisa memilih mana
yang lebih penting dari sekian banyak
hal yang di kerjakannya.

* Mereka cenderung ingin menjadi nomor
satu dalam berbagai hal ketimbang hanya
dianggap rata-rata. Dan biasanya mereka
cenderung melalaikan sesuatu jika
terfokus dengan kesibukan yang lain.
Dengan kata lain, mereka tidak bisa
mengerjakan sesuatu secara berbarengan.

* Mereka dari luar terlihat cemerlang,
riang, bersemangat dan antusias. Namun
sebenarnya hal itu semua sama sekali
berbeda dengan yang ada didalam diri mereka.

* Mereka bisa dikatakan sebagai orang
yang tidak ingin bergaul dengan banyak
orang.



Golongan darah O

* Orang yang bergolongan darah O, mereka
ini biasanya berperan dalam menciptakan
gairah untuk suatu grup. Dan berperan
dalam menciptakan suatu keharmonisan
diantara para anggota grup tersebut.

* Figur mereka terlihat sebagai orang
yang menerima dan melaksakan sesuatu
dengan tenang. Mereka pandai menutupi
sesuatu sehingga mereka kelihatan selalu
riang, damai dan tidak punya masalah
sama sekali. Tapi kalau tidak tahan,
mereka pasti akan mencari tempat atau
orang untuk curhat (tempat mengadu).

* Mereka biasanya pemurah (baik hati),
senang berbuat kebajikan. Mereka
dermawan dan tidak segan-segan
mengeluarkan uang untuk orang lain.

* Mereka biasanya di cintai oleh semua
orang, "loved by all". Tapi mereka
sebenarnya keras kepala juga, dan secara
rahasia mempunyai pendapatnya sendiri
tentang berbagai hal.

* Dilain pihak, mereka sangat fleksibel
dan sangat mudah menerima hal-hal yang baru.

* Mereka cenderung mudah di pengaruhi
oleh orang lain dan oleh apa yang mereka
lihat dari TV.

* Mereka terlihat berkepala dingin dan
terpercaya tapi mereka sering
tergelincir dan membuat kesalahan yang
besar karena kurang berhati-hati. Tapi
hal itu yang menyebabkan orang yang
bergolongan darah O ini di cintai.



Gologan darah AB

* Orang yang bergolongan darah AB ini
mempunyai perasaan yang sensitif, lembut.

* Mereka penuh perhatian dengan perasaan
orang lain dan selalu menghadapi orang
lain dengan kepedulian serta kehati-hatian.

* Disamping itu mereka keras dengan diri
mereka sendiri juga dengan orang-orang
yang dekat dengannya.

* Mereka jadi cenderung kelihatan
mempunyai dua kepribadian.

* Mereka sering menjadi orang yang
sentimen dan memikirkan sesuatu terlalu
dalam.

* Mereka mempunyai banyak teman, tapi
mereka membutuhkan waktu untuk
menyendiri untuk memikirkan
persoalan-persoalan mereka

the "key" who must concern is...... "self regard".
yupz harga diri, Begitu pentingnya harga diri, sehingga tidak sedikit orang yang mempertaruhkan nyawanya demi mempertahankan harga dirinya. Untuk menjadi pribadi yang disukai, harus terus belajar memuaskan harga diri orang lain. Karena dengan harga diri yang terpuaskan, orang bisa menjadi lebih baik, lebih menyenangkan, dan lebih bersahabat.



1.ROYALAH DALAM MEMBERI PUJIAN
Pujian itu seperti air segar yang bisa menawarkan rasa haus manusia akan penghargaan. Dan kalau Anda selalu siap membagikan air segar itu kepada orang lain, Anda berada pada posisi yang strategis untuk disukai oleh orang lain. Caranya? Bukalah mata lebar-lebar untuk selalu melihat sisi baik pada sikap dan perbuatan orang lain. Lalu pujilah dengan tulus.

2.BUATLAH ORANG LAIN MERASA DIRINYA SEBAGAI ORANG PENTING
Tunjukkanlah dengan sikap dan ucapan bahwa anda menganggap orang lain itu penting. Misalnya, jangan biarkan orang lain menunggu terlalu lama, katakanlah maaf bila salah, tepatilah janji, dsb.

3.JADILAH PENDENGAR YANG BAIK
Kalau bicara itu perak dan diam itu emas, maka pendengar yang baik lebih mulia dari keduanya. Pendengar yang baik adalah pribadi yang dibutuhkan dan disukai oleh semua orang. Berilah kesempatan kepada orang lain untuk bicara, ajukan pertanyaan dan buat dia bergairah untuk terus bicara. Dengarkanlah dengan antusias, dan jangan menilai atau menasehatinya bila tidak diminta.

4.USAHAKANLAH UNTUK SELALU MENYEBUTKAN NAMA ORANG DENGAN BENAR
Nama adalah milik berharga yang bersifat sangat pribadi. Umumnya orang tidak suka bila namanya disebut secara salah atau sembarangan. Kalau ragu, tanyakanlah bagaimana melafalkan dan menulis namanya dengan benar. Misalnya, orang yang dipanggil Wilyem itu ditulisnya William, atau Wilhem? Sementara bicara, sebutlah namanya sesering mungkin. Menyebut Andre lebih baik dibandingkan Anda. Pak Peter lebih enak kedengarannya daripada sekedar Bapak.

5.BERSIKAPLAH RAMAH
Semua orang senang bila diperlakukan dengan ramah. Keramahan membuat orang lain merasa diterima dan dihargai. Keramahan membuat orang merasa betah berada di dekat Anda.

6.BERMURAH HATILAH
Anda tidak akan menjadi miskin karena memberi dan tidak akan kekurangan karena berbagi. Seorang yang sangat bijak pernah menulis, Orang yang murah hati berbuat baik kepada dirinya sendiri. Dengan demikian kemurahan hati disatu sisi baik buat Anda, dan disisi lain berguna bagi orang lain.

7.HINDARI KEBIASAAN MENGKRITIK, MENCELA ATAU MENGANGGAP REMEH
Umumnya orang tidak suka bila kelemahannya diketahui oleh orang lain, apalagi dipermalukan. Semua itu menyerang langsung ke pusat harga diri dan bisa membuat orang mempertahankan diri dengan sikap yang tidak bersahabat.

8.BERSIKAPLAH ASERTIF
Orang yang disukai bukanlah orang yang selalu berkata Ya, tetapi orang yang bisa berkata Tidak bila diperlukan. Sewaktu-waktu bisa saja prinsip atau pendapat Anda berseberangan dengan orang lain. Anda tidak harus menyesuaikan diri atau memaksakan mereka menyesuaikan diri dengan Anda. Jangan takut untuk berbeda dengan orang lain. Yang penting perbedaan itu tidak menimbulkan konflik, tapi menimbulkan sikap saling pengertian. Sikap asertif selalu lebih dihargai dibanndingkan sikap Yesman.

9.PERBUATLAH APA YANG ANDA INGIN ORANG LAIN PERBUAT KEPADA ANDA
Perlakuan apapun yang anda inginkan dari orang lain yang dapat menyukakan hati, itulah yang harus anda lakukuan terlebih dahulu. Anda harus mengambil inisiatif untuk memulainya. Misalnya, bila ingin diperhatikan, mulailah memberi perhatian. Bila ingin dihargai, mulailah menghargai orang lain.

10.CINTAILAH DIRI SENDIRI
Mencintai diri sendiri berarti menerima diri apa adanya, menyukai dan melakukan apapun yang terbaik untuk diri sendiri. Ini berbeda dengan egois yang berarti mementingkan diri sendiri atau egosentris yang berarti berpusat kepada diri sendiri. Semakin Anda menyukai diri sendiri, semakin mudah Anda menyukai orang lain, maka semakin besar peluang Anda untuk disukai orang lain. Dengan menerima dan menyukai diri sendiri, Anda akan mudah menyesuaikan diri dengan orang lain, menerima mereka dengan segala kekurangan dan keterbatasannya, bekerjasama dengan mereka dan menyukai mereka. Pada saat yang sama tanpa disadari Anda memancarkan pesona pribadi yang bisa membuat orang lain menyukai Anda.

lets try and see what's goin on with you later..!!

The Internet Protocol Suite resulted from work done by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the early 1970s. After building the pioneering ARPANET in 1969, DARPA started work on a number of other data transmission technologies. In 1972, Robert E. Kahn was hired at the DARPA Information Processing Technology Office, where he worked on both satellite packet networks and ground-based radio packet networks, and recognized the value of being able to communicate across them. In the spring of 1973, Vinton Cerf, the developer of the existing ARPANET Network Control Program (NCP) protocol, joined Kahn to work on open-architecture interconnection models with the goal of designing the next protocol generation for the ARPANET.



By the summer of 1973, Kahn and Cerf had worked out a fundamental reformulation, where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol, and instead of the network being responsible for reliability, as in the ARPANET, the hosts became responsible. Cerf credits Hubert Zimmerman and Louis Pouzin, designer of the CYCLADES network, with important influences on this design.

With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum, it became possible to join almost any networks together, no matter what their characteristics were, thereby solving Kahn's initial problem. One popular saying has it that TCP/IP, the eventual product of Cerf and Kahn's work, will run over "two tin cans and a string." There is even an implementation designed to run using homing pigeons, IP over Avian Carriers, documented in RFC 1149.
A computer called a router (a name changed from gateway to avoid confusion with other types of gateways) is provided with an interface to each network, and forwards packets back and forth between them. Requirements for routers are defined in (Request for Comments 1812).
The idea was worked out in more detailed form by Cerf's networking research group at Stanford in the 1973–74 period, resulting in the first TCP specification (Request for Comments 675) [6] (The early networking work at Xerox PARC, which produced the PARC Universal Packet protocol suite, much of which existed around the same period of time (i.e. contemporaneous), was also a significant technical influence; people moved between the two).

DARPA then contracted with BBN Technologies, Stanford University, and the University College London to develop operational versions of the protocol on different hardware platforms. Four versions were developed: TCP v1, TCP v2, a split into TCP v3 and IP v3 in the spring of 1978, and then stability with TCP/IP v4 — the standard protocol still in use on the Internet today.

In 1975, a two-network TCP/IP communications test was performed between Stanford and University College London (UCL). In November, 1977, a three-network TCP/IP test was conducted between the U.S., UK, and Norway. Between 1978 and 1983, several other TCP/IP prototypes were developed at multiple research centers. A full switchover to TCP/IP on the ARPANET took place January 1, 1983.

In March 1982, the US Department of Defense made TCP/IP the standard for all military computer networking. In 1985, the Internet Architecture Board held a three day workshop on TCP/IP for the computer industry, attended by 250 vendor representatives, helping popularize the protocol and leading to its increasing commercial use.
On November 9, 2005 Kahn and Cerf were presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom for their contribution to American culture.

Okey,first i"ll explain little about wireless network and then gets point with this article.WPA is an encryption algorithm that takes care of a lot of the vunerablities inherent in WEP. WEP is, by design, flawed. No matter how good or crappy, long or short, your WEP key is, it can be cracked. WPA is different. A WPA key can be made good enough to make cracking it unfeasible. WPA is also a little more cracker friendly. By capturing the right type of packets, you can do your cracking offline. This means you only have to be near the AP for a matter of seconds to get what you need. Advantages and disadvantages.



WPA Flavours

WPA basically comes in two flavours RADIUS or PSK. PSK is crackable, RADIUS is not so much.

PSK uses a user defined password to initialize the TKIP, temporal key integrity protocol. There is a password and the user is involved, for the most part that means it is flawed. The TKIP is not really crackable as it is a per-packet key but upon the initialization of the TKIP, like during an authentication, we get the password (well the PMK anyways). A robust dictionary attack will take care of a lot of consumer passwords.

Radius involves physical transferring of the key and encrypted channels blah blah blah, look it up to learn more about it but 90% of commerical APs do not support it, it is more of an enterprise solution then a consumer one.

The Handshake

The WPA handshake was designed to occur over insecure channels and in plaintext so the password is not actually sent across. There are some fancy dancy algorithms in the background that turn it into a primary master key, PMK, and the like but none of that really matters cause the PMK is enough to connect to the network.

The only step we need to do is capture a full authenication handshake from a real client and the AP. This can prove tricky without some packet injection, but if you are lucky to capture a full handshake, then you can leave and do the rest of the cracking at home.

We can force an authenication handshake by launching a Deauthentication Attack, but only if there is a real client already connected (you can tell in airodump). If there are no connected clients, you’re outta luck.

Like for WEP, we want to know the channel the WPA is sitting on, but the airodump command is slightly different. We don’t want just IVs so we don’t specify an IV flag. This will produce “lucid.cap” instead of “lucid.ivs”. Assume WPA is on channel 6 and wireless interface is ath0.

./airodump ath0 lucid 6

Dictionary Brute Force

The most important part of brute forcing a WPA password is a good dictionary. Check out http://www.openwall.com/wordlists/ for a ‘really’ good one. It costs money, but it’s the biggest and best I’ve ever seen (40 Million words, no duplicates, one .txt file). There is also a free reduced version from the same site but i’m sure resourceful people can figure out where to get a good dictionary from.

When you have a good dictionary the crack is a simple brute force attack:

./aircrack -a 2 -b 00:23:1F:55:04:BC -w /path/to/wordlist

E-gold.com..
situs yang saat ini sedang suspend untuk membuka account baru,tapi sebelumnya mari kita bahas dari awal.
sering anda lihat di internet banyak kata yang berawalan e, baik itu disambung langsung maupun dihubungkan dengan tanda sambung(-). Misalnya E-gold, eBay, eBank, ecommerce dll. Apa sih artinya "e" disini? E merupakan singkatan dari kata electronic alias online. Lalu gold sendiri artinya emas. Jadi E-Gold di sini merupakan satu bentuk investasi emas secara elektronik alias online jadi dengan kata lain e-gold ini merupakan suatu mata uang elektronik yang 100% dibackup dengan emas murni oleh perusahaan E-gold Ltd.,a Nevis Corporation . Jadi bukan secara virtual namun kenyataan. E-gold didirikan pada tahun 1996 oleh dua orang yaitu Dr Dauglas Jackson dan Barry K. Downey.




Jual-beli e-gold
Untuk Jual-Beli, pihak perusahaan e-gold Ltd tidak terlibat langsung, melainkan ada jasa jual-beli e-gold yang tidak terikat atau tidak ada kerjasama dengan pihak E-gold Ltd.
Di Indonesia ada beberapa jasa jual-beli e-gold seperti : www.indochanger.com , sentraegold.com,www.tukarduid.com.

Biaya
Berapa biaya yang dikenakan jika kita mempunyai rekening e-gold? Untuk membuat rekening e-gold, tidak dikenakan biaya alias gratis!
Namun untuk melakukan transaksi bisnis internet, kita wajib mengisinya dengan uang.
Untuk mengirim uang e-gold tidak dikenakan biaya, namun biaya atau fee dikenakan atau dibebankan kepada orang yang akan menerima uang e-gold tersebut. Misalnya si A mengirim uang e-gold sebesar $100 kepada si B, maka uang e-gold yang diterima si B adalah kurang dari $100. Lihat ketentuannya

Contoh Perhitungan :
Katakanlah harga emas per gram = $14
Harga Saat ini bisa dilihat di :
http://www.e-gold.com/currentexchange.html
National Currency > e-gold > nilai dibawah AUG ( warna biru )

Jadi fee e-gold jika AUG = 17.500 :
$0.007 s/d $1.75 = 5% dari jumlah spend ditambah $0.0035
$1.75 s/d $8.75 = 1.25% dari jumlah spend ditambah $0.065625
$8.75 s/d $17.5 = $0.175
$17.5 s/d $87.5 = 1% dari jumlah spend ( jika spend $20, fee $0.2 )
$87.5 keatas = $0.875
jika spend $100 atau $5000 fee tetap sama $0.0875

Kelebihan & kekurangan e-gold.
Kelebihan E-Gold.
- Dana anda 100% dibackup oleh emas riil.
- Pendaftaran Account mudah dan tidak berbelit-belit
- Dana anda berfluktuatif sesuai harga emas dunia.
- Proses Pengiriman uang antar account dilakukan secara real time.
- Fee hanya dikenakan bagi yang menerima dana, sebesar 1% dari jumlah dana yang diterima.
- Disediakan Secure Line Transaction melalui HTTPS. Anda tidak perlu khawatir data anda dibajak orang.
- Dapat melakukan pengiriman uang ke sesama account e-gold dengan satuan mata uang yang berbeda. Anda dapat mengirim
uang dengan USD, dengan EURO atau mata uang lainnya termasuk mengirim dalam satuan emas itu sendiri (gram atau onz).
- Proteksi account dengan Acc-Sentinel. Sentinel ini bekerja mengecek metode akses dari pengguna, bila terjadi perubahan
data akses seperti perubahan IP Address, maka system akan mengirim informasi ke email anda berupa password temporary yang harus anda gunakan untuk login.

Kekurangan E-Gold
Pengelola e-gold dalam hal ini E-Gold Ltd, tidak menerima dana anda secara langsung,
Anda harus membeli gold melalui Changer. Tiap-tiap changer menentukan nilai tukar yang berbeda-beda.
Nilai emas yang berfluktuatif dapat menyebabkan kerugian. Anda harus melakukan pertimbangan-pertimbangan sebelum membeli dan menjual.